Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can range from a mild concussion to severe brain trauma. Early recognition of signs and symptoms is essential, as patient condition may deteriorate rapidly following injury.

Assessment should include mental status, level of consciousness, pupil response, neurologic function, and changes in condition over time. 

Common signs and symptoms of traumatic brain injury include:

  • Altered mental status
  • Confusion
  • Memory loss
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Unequal pupils
  • Slurred speech
  • Seizure activity
  • Weakness or paralysis
  • Changes in behavior or personality

Not all traumatic brain injuries present the same way. Some patients may initially appear stable before demonstrating signs of deterioration. 

Frequent reassessment is critical. Changes in mental status, pupil response, or neurologic function may indicate worsening injury and require immediate attention.

Mechanism of injury should also be considered. Falls, motor vehicle collisions, assaults, blast injuries, and other significant traumatic events should raise suspicion for TBI even when initial findings appear minor. 

Remember: Recognize the signs early, monitor for deterioration, and reassess frequently.

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